Self-Study Guide

Name: Solis Hernadez Jose Juan 

Group: 5IV14

Date: 11/10/15

Self-Study Guide

                              1) Reported Speech

1.1)Definition

Reported Speech　(also called　Indirect Speech) is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact words. A few changes are necessary; often a　pronoun　has to be changed and the　verb　is usually moved back a　tense, where possible.

1.2) Uses / Functions

We use reported speech when we want to repeat what someone had previously said.

Let's look at the difference between direct speech and reported speech:

Direct Tomie said = 'I am tired.'

Reported Speech = 'Tomie said (that) she was tired.'

In reported speech we need to use the past tense form of the verb. In direct speech the present tense is used. As you can see, in the above sentence 'am' changes to 'was' when we use reported speech.

1.3)Special Features

Form

In reported speech we usually report what was said at a different time, and so we change the tense to reflect the time which we are reporting. We normally "shift back" one tense.

Direct speech: "I’m not playing football."
Reported later: "He said that he wasn’t playing football."

Sometimes the pronoun needs to be changed.

Direct speech: Jane: "I don’t like living here." (Jane is referring to herself)
Reported speech: Jane said (that) she didn’t like living here. (The pronoun she refers to Jane)

• Direct speech: “I like ice cream”.
• Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.

Tense	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
present simple	“I like ice cream”	She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous	“I am living in London”	She said (that) she was living in London.
past simple	“I bought a car”	She said (that) she had bought a car OR She said (that) she bought a car.
past continuous	“I was walking along the street”	She said (that) she had been walking along the street.
present perfect	“I haven't seen Julie”	She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie.
past perfect*	“I had taken English lessons before”	She said (that) she had taken English lessons before.
will	“I'll see you later”	She said (that) she would see me later.
would*	“I would help, but..”	She said (that) she would help but...
can	“I can speak perfect English”	She said (that) she could speak perfect English.
could*	“I could swim when I was four”	She said (that) she could swim when she was four.
shall	“I shall come later”	She said (that) she would come later.
should*	“I should call my mother”	She said (that) she should call her mother
might*	"I might be late"	She said (that) she might be late
must	"I must study at the weekend"	She said (that) she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

          2) Indefinitite Pronouns

2.1)Definition
Some pronouns are definite in that they replace a specific noun or another pronoun. But sometimes things aren’t so clear-cut. We don’t need to refer to anything or anyone definite. So what do we do for a pronoun? In those cases we use indefinite pronouns.
2.2)Uses / Functions
What are Indefinite Pronouns?


As the name suggests indefinite pronouns are pronouns that are not definite in meaning. In other words they are not specific in which noun they replace. They may be singular or plural, and must match the verb in number.
2.3) Special Features
There are two categories of indefinite pronouns. The first category includes pronouns that refer to a nonspecific noun. These pronouns are:

anybody	anyone
anything	everybody
everyone	everything
nobody	none
no one	nothing
somebody	someone
something



The second category of indefinite pronouns are those that point to a specific noun whose meaning is easily understood only because it was previously mentioned or because the words that follow the indefinite pronoun make it clear. These pronouns are:

all	another
any	both
each	either
few	many
neither	one
some	several



 Below is the list of singular indefinite pronouns.

Another	Anybody
Anyone	Anything
Each	Either
Everybody	Everyone
Everything	Neither
Nobody	No one
Nothing	One
Somebody	Something
Someone



The following are plural indefinite pronouns:



Both	Few
Many	Several

2.4) Examples
-All are welcome to come to the birthday party tonight.
-Lizzie gave that book to someone and never got it back.
-Anyone can play the game as long as they follow the rules.
-Does anybody have a clue where the dog went?
-Everyone knows it is impolite to point at someone.
-No one came forward to admit the crime, so the whole class was punished.